In recent years, concerns about environmental pollutants have grown. We have talked previously about neurotoxins and microplastics in our food supply, but there is another class of chemicals that stand out for their persistence and potential harm: PFAS, or Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. These man-made chemicals, often dubbed “forever chemicals,” have infiltrated various aspects of our daily lives, from the water we drink to the food we consume. This article will delve into what exactly PFAS are, why they are harmful, and how we can minimize our exposure.
What are PFAS?
PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in industrial applications and consumer products since the 1940s. They include over 6,000 chemical compounds such as PFOA, PFOS, GenX, and others, which have been utilized for their unique water- and grease-resistant properties. You’ve likely encountered PFAS in non-stick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, water-repellent clothing, food packaging, and medical devices.
The troubling characteristic of PFAS is their persistence—they do not break down in the environment, earning them the nickname “forever chemicals.” This means that once released, they remain in the environment for decades, accumulating in soil, water, and living organisms, including humans.
Why are PFAS Harmful?
The resilience of PFAS in the environment translates to long-lasting exposure risks for humans and wildlife. Research has linked PFAS exposure to a variety of health concerns, including an increased risk of certain cancers, liver damage, thyroid disease, and immune system disruptions. They can also affect fertility, contribute to high cholesterol, and even play a role in obesity.
What makes PFAS particularly dangerous is their ability to accumulate in the body over time. Even at low levels, chronic exposure can lead to significant health issues, underscoring the importance of understanding and mitigating exposure risks.
PFAS contamination also affects ecosystems and wildlife, leading to reproductive, endocrine, immune and other issues across species.
Contamination of Food and Water
PFAS contamination is widespread, and two of the most concerning routes of exposure are through water and food.
Water Contamination: PFAS often find their way into water supplies through industrial discharges, runoff from firefighting foams, and leachate from landfills. These chemicals have been detected in drinking water sources around the world, including the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified numerous public water systems where PFAS levels exceed safety thresholds, posing a significant public health concern. Bottled water is also often contaminated.
On a positive note, in April of 2024, the EPA announced a final rule that “Public water systems must monitor for these PFAS and have three years to complete initial monitoring (by 2027), followed by ongoing compliance monitoring. Water systems must also provide the public with information on the levels of these PFAS in their drinking water beginning in 2027. Public water systems have five years (by 2029) to implement solutions that reduce these PFAS if monitoring shows that drinking water levels exceed these [levels].”
Food Contamination: Food can become contaminated with PFAS through several pathways. These chemicals can infiltrate the soil and water used to grow crops or bioaccumulate in animals, particularly in fish and dairy products. Additionally, food packaging materials containing PFAS can leach these chemicals into the food they contain.
The highest levels of PFAS have been found in processed and deli meats; takeout containers such as pizza boxes, burger wrappers, and popcorn bags; fish (tilapia, mackerel, swordfish) and shellfish like clams and shrimp; pork products; some vegetables (leafy greens, cucumbers, and tomatoes); edible oils; microwave popcorn; prepackaged baked goods; candy and sports drinks; and certain teas.
Minimizing Exposure to PFAS
Given the pervasive nature of PFAS, completely avoiding them is challenging. However, there are steps you can take to reduce your exposure.
Water Filtration: One of the most effective ways to reduce PFAS exposure is by filtering your drinking water. Activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis systems have been shown to reduce PFAS levels in water significantly. If you live in an area known for PFAS contamination, investing in a high-quality filtration system is a prudent step. If possible, consider a deep well. There are reports that water from deep-water wells could be PFAS-free, although it is geography dependent.
Bottle Water Selection: If you must drink bottled water, choose one bottled in glass, such as San Pellegrino. Also, review the results of studies highlighting PFAS content in common water brands, and select those with little to no contamination.
Food Choices: To minimize PFAS exposure through food, opt for fresh foods over packaged ones. Packaged foods are more likely to have been in contact with PFAS-containing materials. Additionally, consuming a varied diet can help reduce the risk of accumulating higher levels of PFAS from a single source.
We recommend following the “Twelve Nature’s pHarmacy Principles to Eat By,” Parts 1 and 2, and avoiding the microwave popcorn, candy, and sports drinks that likely have PFAS in their packaging. With respect to tea, we recommend organic loose-leaf teas and stainless steel mesh strainers rather than commercial teabags.
Consumer Products: PFAS are also found in many consumer products. To avoid these chemicals, be cautious when choosing items like non-stick cookware, water-resistant clothing, and personal care products. Look for PFAS-free labels and do your research to ensure that the products you use are safe.
Conclusion
PFAS contamination is a complex and pressing issue that requires both individual action and systemic change. By understanding what PFAS are and how they affect our health, we can make informed choices to reduce our exposure. As research continues and policies evolve, there is hope that we can mitigate the impact of these “forever chemicals” on our health and the environment.
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